The two most important factors in determining how ice forms are temperature and turbulence (Michel and Ramseier 1971). Temperature is under the control of climate an… See more

Under calm conditions, ice freezes on lakes very similarly to how it freezes in an ice-cube tray. Lake ice freezes first at the surface starting at the edges or shoreline for two rea… See more

In a calm lake or pond, the first ice or “primary ice”is quite clear and crystalline and is made up of hexagonal plates, needles, or sheath-like structures with large crystals ori… See more

Water molecules are composed of two hydrogen atoms that are each attached to the same oxygen molecule in a triangular formation. In liquid water, these molecules arrange the… See more

Under turbulent conditions, ice freezes in a less orderly and transparent way than in calm water conditions. In turbulent conditions, initial ice formation is due to the formation o… See more