Galois/Counter Mode - Wikipedia
GCM uses a block cipher with block size 128 bits (commonly AES-128) operated in counter mode for encryption, and uses arithmetic in the Galois field GF (2 128) to compute the authentication tag; hence the name. Galois Message Authentication Code (GMAC) is an authentication-only variant of the GCM which can form an incremental message ...… See more
OverviewIn cryptography, Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) is a mode of operation for symmetric-key cryptographic
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GHash.io - Wikipedia
GHash.io was a bitcoin mining pool subsidiary of CEX.io that operated from 2013-2016. The pool gained notoriety for briefly controlling more than 51% of bitcoin's computing power in 2014 (notable in that bitcoin was supposedly outside any party's control).
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authenticated encryption - How does GHASH used in …
Feb 12, 2021 · GHASH(H, A, C) G H A S H (H, A, C) where. H = E(K,0w) H = E (K, 0 w) K K is the encryption key & it's fixed, so a new one isn't picked every time, which means H H is also fixed. A A is the Additional Authenticated Data. …
How fast is GHASH and what does it do? May 12, 2022 AES-GCM GHASH calculation; Aug 20, 2018 Which is slower, AES or GCM hash (GHASH), if CPU has no special ... Jun 16, 2018 What does GHASH really do? Mar 1, 2018 What is Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)? - Just Cryptography
GCM is an algorithm for authenticated encryption that uses a hash function called GHASH. Learn how GCM works, its applications, and its security considerations.
Do we need separate GHASH, GCM, and AES-GCM tags?
GHASH is used essentially only in AES-GCM. The ghash tag was introduced in late 2018 and applies to only five questions that were all asked within the span of one week. In contrast, …
GHash.IO Mining Pool - BitcoinWiki
Dec 21, 2023 · GHash.IO was a large Bitcoin mining pool that closed in 2016. It also offered cloud mining, merged mining, and a connection with CEX.IO exchange. Learn about its …
Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) - IBM
The GHASH function is applied to block u to produce a single output block. This output block is encrypted using the GCTR function with the pre-counter block that was generated in Step 2 , …
A cryptanalytic paper that shows how to exploit weak keys in GHASH, a polynomial universal hash used in GCM mode of operation. The paper analyzes the cycle lengths and group orders …
mining pools - How did ghash.io fall? - Bitcoin Stack Exchange
Oct 4, 2016 · Years ago, GHash.io had claim of 40% of the network hashpower. They were close to 51%, where they would have the power to initiate a 51% attack. Now it has 0.2%. How did …
A New Interpretation for the GHASH Authenticator of AES-GCM
Jun 21, 2023 · AES-GCM authenticated encryption scheme has a significant role in modern secure communications. It combines AES CTR encryption with authentication that is based on …