Shade cast by trees, which suppresses grass growth, and fire fuelled by grass biomass, which prevents tree sapling establishment, are mutually exclusive and self-reinforcing drivers of biome distribution in savanna–forest mosaics. We investigated how shade depth, represented by canopy leaf area ind...

Landscape structure in a forest mosaic changes with spatial scale (i.e. spatial extent) and thresholds may occur where structure changes markedly. Forest management alters landscape structure and may affect the intensity and location of thresholds. Our purpose was to examine landscape structure at d...

A conceptual framework for initiating Forest Mosaic Integrated Landscape Management has been tried with encouraging results by undertaking the agriculture, waterbody, pasture, and trees outside the forest as a part of the forest ecosystem. Fragmentation of the landscape cause isolation of habitat, l...