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  1. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants

    Standing on the shoulders of giants - Wikipedia

    • The phrase "standing on the shoulders of giants" is a metaphor which means "using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress". It is a metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nani gigantum humeris insidentes) and expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on prev… See more

    Early references

    The earliest documented attestation of this aphorism appears in 1123 in William of Conches's Glosses on Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. Where Priscian says quanto juniores, tanto perspicaciores (young me… See more

    Religious texts

    The visual image (from Bernard of Chartres) appears in the stained glass of the south transept of Chartres Cathedral. The tall windows under the rose window show the four major prophets of the Hebrew Bible (Isaia… See more

    Early modern and modern references

    Isaac Newton remarked in a letter to his rival Robert Hooke written in 5 February 1675 and published in 1855:
    What Des-Cartes [sic] did was a good step. You have added much several ways, & especially i… See more

    Are dwarves short?
    In folklore, dwarves are generally associated with craftsmanship, mining, mountains, earth, and their appearance does not seem too enticing. It is implied that they are shorter by the use of the phrase " dvergr of voxt ", "short like a dwarf". Dvergar can shapeshift and sometimes get quite vicious.
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    Early references
    Religious texts
    Early modern and modern references
    Are dwarves short?
     
  1. wikiquote.org
    https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_of_Salisbury

    John of Salisbury - Wikiquote

  2. Images of Dwarves Seated

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  3. Encyclopedia.com
    https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/...

    Bernard of Chartres - Encyclopedia.com

  4. ScholarWorks@GVSU
    https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?...
    [PDF]

    Dwarfs Seated on the Shoulders of Giants - Grand Valley Review

  5. JSTOR
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/2913149
    [PDF]

    The Dwarf on the Giant's Shoulders - JSTOR

  6. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres

    Bernard of Chartres - Wikipedia

  7. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
    https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collect…

    Column | Maya | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

    On Maya ceramics, dwarves hold mirrors so that rulers can see themselves in their finery (see Mirror-Bearer 1979.206.1063 for a sculptural version of this motif), while jade plaques depict dwarves seated next to rulers.

  8. Egypt Today
    https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/116488/Meet...

    Meet Seneb, the important dwarf of ancient Egypt - EgyptToday

  9. World History Encyclopedia
    https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1695

    Elves & Dwarves in Norse Mythology - World History …

    Mar 8, 2021 · Elves and dwarves represent minor divine figures in Norse mythology. Elves (álfar) and dwarves (dvergar) have in common their talent for creating precious objects, skill, agility, and moral ambiguity. Dwarves appear …

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  10. Looper
    https://www.looper.com/215031

    The Backstory Of The Lord Of The Rings Dwarves …

    Jun 4, 2020 · With so much dwarvish lore in The Lord of the Rings, we thought we'd take a deep dive into the dwarves of Middle-earth in order to see what makes them different from the ostentatious men,...

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