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  1. World History Encyclopedia
    https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1800

    Indian Ocean Trade before the European Conquest

    • India was at the center of the Indian Ocean trade for centuries. Among the most important mercantile citieswere Hindu-controlled Calicut (Kozhikode), Cannanore, Cochin, Quilon, and Muslim Goa alo… See more

    Swahili Coast of Africa

    The series of rich Muslim-controlled city-states spanned from Sofala (in today’s Mozambique) in the south to Mogadishu (in modern Somalia) in the north. In between were Mom… See more

    World History Encyclopedia
    Malacca

    As the 16th century dawned, the city of Malacca (Melaka) on the Malay Peninsula had also become a center of world trade. It was located at the narrowest point of the Strait of Ma… See more

    World History Encyclopedia
    Sri Lanka

    An important stopover for merchants on the way to and from Malacca was Buddhist Sri Lanka (Ceylon), where the world's finest cinnamon could be obtained along with gems, pear… See more

    World History Encyclopedia
    Spice Islands

    At the far eastern terminus of the Indian Ocean trade network in the East Indian archipelago were the Moluccas or Spice Islands from whence came cloves, nutmeg, and mace. … See more

    World History Encyclopedia
    Why was the high sea called a pirate ship?
    reflected an inclination to view the high sea as an area where the law of nations did not run. For when it was the turn of the Portuguese to face a fellow European enemy in the Indian Ocean, the Dutch East Indian Com- pany, the latter's ships were invariably described as pirate vessels.
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    Table of Contents
    Swahili Coast of Africa
    Malacca
    Sri Lanka
    Spice Islands
    Why was the high sea called a pirate ship?
     
  1. World History Encyclopedia
    https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1803

    Eyes on the East: Chronicles of the Indian Ocean Spice Trade

  2. Images of 1600s Indian Ocean ports

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  3. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade

    Indian Ocean trade - Wikipedia

  4. Discover Magazine
    https://www.discovermagazine.com/plan…

    The Indian Ocean: A Maritime Trade Network History …

    Oct 19, 2016 · The Indian Ocean system developed out of the gradual integration of earlier regional networks. By 3000 B.C., travelers in small canoes and rafts …

    • Estimated Reading Time: 8 mins
    • World History Encyclopedia
      https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1777

      The Spice Trade & the Age of Exploration - World …

      Jun 9, 2021 · From 1500 onwards, first Portugal, and then other European powers, attempted to control the spice trade, the ports which marketed …

      • Cambridge University Press & Assessment
        https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/...

        Trade, Production, and Incorporation. The Indian Ocean in Flux, …

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        Why were Indian ports important?
        The Indian ports were more than transit points, however. They were also markets themselves. The extent of India’s land and the diversity of its resources made the ports sources for a variety of textiles, including silk and muslin, and for raw products like rice, sugar, oil, cotton, and indigo.

        4 - The Indian Ocean Trade, 1500–1800 - Cambridge University Press

        cambridge.org
        How did Vasco da Gama reach India?
        He was followed by Vasco da Gama who, in 1497-9, also rounded the Cape but then sailed on up the coast of East Africa and crossed the Indian ocean to reach Calicut (now Kozhikode) on the Malabar Coast of southern India. Finally, the Europeans had found a direct maritime route to the riches of the East.

        The Spice Trade & the Age of Exploration - World History Encyclopedia

        worldhistory.org
        Why was the high sea called a pirate ship?
        reflected an inclination to view the high sea as an area where the law of nations did not run. For when it was the turn of the Portuguese to face a fellow European enemy in the Indian Ocean, the Dutch East Indian Com- pany, the latter's ships were invariably described as pirate vessels.

        The Portuguese Maritime Empire, Trade, and Society in the ... - JSTOR

        jstor.org
        Who sailed to the Spice Islands & South East Asia?
        From the Malabar Coast of India, European ships could then sail further East to the Spice Islands and South East Asia. A route was opened up by Francisco Serrão, who sailed to the Spice Islands in 1512, and Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) when he made the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519-22 in the service of Spain.

        The Spice Trade & the Age of Exploration - World History Encyclopedia

        worldhistory.org
        How did European ships reach East Asia?
        Finally, the Europeans had found a direct maritime route to the riches of the East. From the Malabar Coast of India, European ships could then sail further East to the Spice Islands and South East Asia.

        The Spice Trade & the Age of Exploration - World History Encyclopedia

        worldhistory.org
        What were the three components of Portuguese maritime expansion?
        The three other components of Portuguese maritime expansion were permanent settlements populated citizens of Portuguese origin, the establishment and the perpetuation of Catholic Church dedicated to a policy of converting non-Christians, and spread of Portuguese language and culture. In this respect, Portuguese the English.

        The Portuguese Maritime Empire, Trade, and Society in the ... - JSTOR

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      • Cambridge University Press & Assessment
        https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/india-in-the...

        4 - The Indian Ocean Trade, 1500–1800 - Cambridge University …

      • JSTOR
        https://www.jstor.org/stable/41105726
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        The Portuguese Maritime Empire, Trade, and Society in the …

      • University of Pennsylvania - School of Arts & Sciences
        https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/indianocean…

        The Indian Ocean Littoral - University of Pennsylvania

        During the pre-colonial era, the Indian Ocean's ports largely remained subordinate to hinterland political authorities. Port cities took on greater significance during the eighteenth century as European powers utilized ports …

      • Cambridge University Press & Assessment
        https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/e…

        1 - India in the Indian Ocean trade, circa 1500

        Mar 28, 2008 · The western or the Arabian Sea zone included ports in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, those on the East African coast and on the west coast of India. The Bay of Bengal network included ports in Sri Lanka, the …