This is a 3D view of the top 1,000 kilometers of the earth's mantle beneath the central Pacific showing the relationship between seismically-slow "plumes" and channels imaged in the study.

A massive volcanic ridge beneath the Indian Ocean has just delivered a major surprise to geologists. According to a new study ...

"Transitioning flows are 3D and unsteady in nature, regardless of the flow geometry. Experiments conducted in 3D in the early 2000s didn't provide enough data to determine any 3D effects or ...

This shallow flow aligns with geochemical evidence ... this study establishes the first cohesive 3D framework linking mantle dynamics to surface tectonics. The integration of azimuthally varying ...