Examine nursery plants before purchasing. Disposal of galls should be in the trash ... they can help guide you. For fungal disease identifications, samples can be sent to the plant clinic at ...

and gives them a chance to view a number of galls and leaves to get a better sense of the study system and the typical pattern that herbivory varies among leaves and among plants (due to differences ...

This means that scientists can test the DNA of the infected plant to see if it has been infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and confirm that the disease is crown gall disease.