Angelo and Cross (book available in CTE library) have written extensively on formative classroom techniques. Summative assessment is used to understand student learning at the end of a class or ...

projects and essays, there are a larger variety of ways to measure student learning. For example, activities like research presentations contain both the learning activity as well as the assessment.

It is the use of the assessment that makes it formative. If evidence of student achievement is not used to adapt instruction or to give feedback to students to improve their learning, it is summative.

Summative assessments are implemented at the end of a unit, course, or instructional period to evaluate how well students have achieved the learning objectives, such as knowledge, skills, and ...