After World War II the Bretton Woods arrangement of fixed exchange ... and efforts to keep debt servicing costs at a reasonable level. In this setting, financial repression, with its dual aims of ...

The estimated cost to rebuild Ukraine's economy after Russia's invasion has risen to $524 billion, nearly three times its expected 2024 economic output, the World Bank, United Nations, European ...

and financial capital destruction and stood to face a decline in the standard of living of its citizens. “As of September 2022, the direct military costs of the war might have reached $40 ...