Electrostatic loudspeakers work by the attraction and repulsion of a thin conductive film in an electric field rather than the magnetic attraction and repulsion you’ll find in a moving-coil ...

Moreover, their behavior at relativistic speeds counters a key drawback of charged particle beams: mutual electrostatic repulsion. Known as the "relativistic pinch effect," this phenomenon reduces ...

High Zeta Potential (> +30 mV or < -30 mV): Particles with high absolute zeta potential values are considered stable, as the strong electrostatic repulsion between particles prevents aggregation. Low ...