But just as Toscanini’s marginally slower tempo never loses ... his fast tempo blurs the opening measures of the Eighth Symphony. Even where Beethoven’s metronomes are entirely plausible they can ...

As early as the slow movement of the First Symphony ... Ever since student days in Vienna with Toscanini fanatic Hans Swarowsky, Abbado has been in semi-permanent revolt against the Italian school of ...

Come on, caro [dear fellow], let’s go.” ‐Toscanini revered music. Of the Adagio from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, he said, “One ought to conduct it on one’s knees.” Beethoven was ...